By Dee J. Hall
Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
A review of electronic court records by the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism shows the state Department of Corrections has sought force-feeding orders at least 20 times in the past 11 years.
That activity has accelerated in the last two months, with eight cases filed in the past five weeks. These filings were apparently in response to the ongoing hunger strike which began in early June at the Columbia and Waupun correctional institutions, aimed at ending long-term solitary confinement in Wisconsin.
Court battles over the hunger strike continued last week when a Dodge County Circuit Court judge rejected a request by Waupun Correctional Institution inmate Cesar DeLeon to stop force feeding him.
Legal Background
The ruling came after DeLeon testified that he would continue hunger striking if the court’s force-feeding order were lifted.
DeLeon had asked Judge Steven Bauer to discontinue force feeding by nasogastric tube or, in the alternative, to be fed intravenously. Waupun officials have been force feeding DeLeon for about a month after he began refusing food.
During Thursday’s hearing, DeLeon also said he was on a 40-day, 40-night religious fast and that forcing him to eat was violating his religious rights.
But Bauer rejected those requests. He cited the testimony of Jeffrey Manlove, a doctor at Waupun, that DeLeon’s health would deteriorate if he returned to hunger striking, which he vowed to do during a video appearance in court. Bauer also said DeLeon’s religious rights do not trump the state’s interests in keeping him alive and well.
“The prison cannot allow him to die on a hunger strike,” the judge said.
Based on the dates of the orders and the location of the inmates at Waupun and Columbia, at least eight inmates have participated in the current hunger strike, according to the Center’s analysis. Other inmates have written letters to advocates saying they also are refusing food, but there is no independent confirmation of their participation.
Another Perspective
In an interview, Dr. Steven Miles, a professor of medicine and bioethics at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, said force feeding of prisoners is condemned by most major medical groups, including the American Medical Association and the International Committee of the Red Cross. The World Medical Association has declared that “the forced feeding of hunger strikers is unethical and is never justified,” calling the practice “inhuman and degrading.”
Miles has studied force feeding in Turkish prisons and among detainees at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. He said prisoners’ refusal to eat should not be viewed in medical terms alone.
“A hunger strike is fundamentally a form of political expression by persons or groups which have exhausted other forms of political expression,” Miles said.
A Waupun Inmate’s Claims
Among those who underwent force feeding was Waupun inmate Joshua Scolman. He wrote in a letter that he ended his hunger strike after his nose was broken during one of his first force-feeding episodes June 25.
Scolman said he had warned officials that he had a deviated septum and it would be “impossible” to force feed him.
“When they tried to force feed me, the nurse could not get the tube down mynose and I couldn’t stop gagging, puking, and so I turned pale and almost passed out,” he wrote. “Because of how many times they were trying, the tube tore open my sinuses and there was blood, so they stopped for the night.
“The next morning they tried again and this time they broke my nose and it was bleeding all over the place … they continued to try to shove the tube up my nose until the nurse gave up and decided to send me to the hospital.”
Scolman said he spent two days in the hospital. The Center has requested a copy of the videotape of the session in which Scolman’s nose allegedly was broken. The department said it is investigating both DeLeon’s and Scolman’s allegations.
Force feeding rights established
Some of the current rules under which the Department of Corrections operates were set in the case of Waupun inmate Jerry Saenz, who began refusing food in 2005 to protest conditions in solitary confinement and lack of mental health treatment. After three weeks of little food and water, the state got a court order to begin force feeding Saenz.
Saenz argued the prison had no legal right to force medical treatment on him. In its 2007 opinion upholding the force feeding, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals noted the complexity of the issue.
The appeals panel acknowledged that Saenz had a “constitutional liberty interest in avoiding unwanted medical treatment” but that the department also had “legitimate governmental and penological interests in preventing him from starving to death.”
That court eventually sided with prison officials, finding that “under appropriate circumstances and after affording procedural due process, the department may forcibly feed and hydrate an inmate.”
But the appeals panel also found that Saenz was entitled to a hearing on the merits of the force-feeding order, similar to the one held last week in DeLeon’s case.
Another inmate, Walter Lilly, engaged in years of hunger strikes. In 2009, Dodge County Circuit Judge Andrew Bissonnette finally halted Waupun’s force feeding of Lilly.
Bissonnette — who had himself strapped to the same chair in which Lilly had spent up to six hours a day — described the conditions of the force feeding in stark terms, noting the discomfort of the feeding chair, the cold temperature in the room, the fact that Lilly was handcuffed from behind and that he frequently vomited when force fed.
“It is costing taxpayers over $200,000, probably closer to $300,000, a year to infringe upon Mr. Lilly’s constitutional right to refuse medical care,” Bissonnette wrote.
Ethical quandary
Miles, the professor of medicine and bioethics, acknowledged that prison physicians are in a delicate situation. While they work for the corrections department, they are ethically bound to protect the rights and interests of their patients, including the right to refuse medical treatment.
He said doctors should advise inmates to take vitamins during a hunger strike to avoid permanent nerve and brain damage. Miles added that prison officials should make the process more humane by offering to leave feeding tubes in place rather than removing and reinserting them multiple times a day through the nose and into the stomach, which can cause pain and inflammation.
Corrections spokesman Tristan Cook said inmates are not allowed more-permanent feeding tubes “for security reasons.”
One of the hunger strikers, LaRon McKinley Bey, said he has been in administrative confinement — which entails 23 hours a day alone in a solid-walled cell — for more than 25 years. The United Nations has declared that such isolation beyond 15 days is tantamount to torture.
Comments from WISDOM
Two members of the statewide faith-based group WISDOM attended last week’s hearing. JONAH (Joining Our Neighbors, Advancing Hope), a Chippewa Valley organization focused on social justice, is an affiliate of WISDOM.
WISDOM state director David Liners said the video of DeLeon’s force feeding was “hard to watch” and added: “It was obviously very painful and uncomfortable and humiliating.”
The Rev. Kate Edwards of WISDOM said the hunger strike has drawn attention to the 100 or so inmates who are locked in a indefinite solitary confinement “with absolutely no end in sight.”
The ongoing hunger strike in Wisconsin is aimed at ending administrative confinement, a form of solitary confinement that can go on for years, even decades. Such a status is reserved for prisoners who are considered a threat to others or the security of the institution. At least two states, Colorado and California, have ended such long-term solitary confinement.
The Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism’s reporting on criminal justice issues is supported by a grant from the Vital Projects Fund. The nonprofit Center (www.WisconsinWatch.org) collaborates with Wisconsin Public Radio, Wisconsin Public Television, other news media and the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication. All works created, published, posted or disseminated by the Center do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of UW-Madison or any of its affiliates.
The home page photo shows Sister Linda Muhammad holding a sign during a protest rally on July 5, 2016. It was taken by Coburn Dukehart and was provided by the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.